Functional Approaches to Culture and Translation

Functional Approaches to Culture and Translation Benjamins Translation Library The Benjamins Translation Library aims to stimulate research and training in translation and interpreting studies. The Library provides a forum for a variety of approaches (which may sometimes be conflicting) in a socio-cultural, historical, theoretical, applied and pedagogical context. The Library includes scholarly works, reference works, post-graduate text books and readers in the English language. EST Subseries The European Society for Translation Studies (EST) Subseries is a publication channel within the Library to optimize EST’s function as a forum for the translation and interpreting research community. It promotes new trends in research, gives more visibility to young scholars’ work, publicizes new research methods, makes available documents from EST, and reissues classical works in translation studies which do not exist in English or which are now out of print. General editor Yves Gambier University of Turku Associate editor Miriam Shlesinger Bar Ilan University Honorary editor Gideon Toury Tel Aviv University Advisory board Rosemary Arrojo Binghamton University Werner Koller Bergen University Sherry Simon Concordia University Michael Cronin Dublin City University Alet Kruger UNISA, South Africa Mary Snell-Hornby University of Vienna Daniel Gile Université Lumière Lyon 2 José Lambert Catholic University of Leuven Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit University of Joensuu Ulrich Heid University of Stuttgart John Milton University of Sao Paulo Maria Tymoczko University of Massachusetts Amherst Amparo Hurtado Albir Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona Franz Pöchhacker University of Vienna Lawrence Venuti Temple University Anthony Pym Universitat Rovira i Virgilli W. John Hutchins University of East Anglia Rosa Rabadán University of León Zuzana Jettmarová Charles University of Prague Volume 69 Functional Approaches to Culture and Translation: Selected papers by José Lambert Edited by Dirk Delabastita, Lieven D’hulst and Reine Meylaerts Functional Approaches to Culture and Translation Selected papers by José Lambert Edited by Dirk Delabastita University of Namur Lieven D’hulst Reine Meylaerts K.U. Leuven John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia 8 TM The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences – Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ansi z39.48-1984. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Functional approaches to culture and translation : selected papers by José Lambert / edited by Dirk Delabastita, Lieven D’hulst and Reine Meylaerts. p. cm. (Benjamins Translation Library, issn 0929–7316 ; v. 69) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Translating and interpreting. I. Delabastita, Dirk. II. Hulst, Lieven d’. III. Meylaerts, Reine. IV. Title. PN241.L26 2006 418’02--dc22 isbn 90 272 1677 0 (Hb; alk. paper) 2006043017 © 2006 – John Benjamins B.V. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means, without written permission from the publisher. John Benjamins Publishing Co. · P.O. Box 36224 · 1020 me Amsterdam · The Netherlands John Benjamins North America · P.O. Box 27519 · Philadelphia pa 19118-0519 · usa Table of contents Introduction: José Lambert and descriptive research into literature, translation and culture Editorial note Acknowledgments Tabula gratulatoria Traduction et technique romanesque (1977) Production, tradition et importation: une clef pour la description de la littérature et de la littérature en traduction (1980) L’éternelle question des frontières: littératures nationales et systèmes littéraires (1983) On describing translations (with Hendrik Van Gorp, 1985) Twenty years of research on literary translation at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (1988) In quest of literary world maps (1991) Shifts, oppositions and goals in translation studies: towards a genealogy of concepts (1991) Literatures, translation and (de)colonization (1995) Translation, systems and research: the contribution of polysystem studies to translation studies (1995) Problems and challenges of translation in an age of new media and competing models (1997) From translation markets to language management: the implications of translation services (with Johan Hermans, 1998) ix xxiii xxv xxvii 1 15 23 37 49 63 75 87 105 131 147  Table of contents Cultural studies, the study of cultures and the question of language: facing / excluding the new millennium (2000) La traduction littéraire comme problème belge ou la littérature comme traduction (CETRA, 2004) Bibliography 1. Publications by José Lambert 2. Other references 207 Name index Subject index 163 173 199 199 219 223 Introduction José Lambert and descriptive research into literature, translation and culture This volume contains a generous selection of articles by Professor José Lambert, tracing in large part the intellectual itinerary of their author. Some four decades ago José Lambert started out as a young research student in French and compara- tive literature, trying to get a better grip on the problem of interliterary contacts, and he rapidly became a key figure in the emergent discipline of translation stud- ies, where he is now widely known and valued as an indefatigable ambassador and promoter of descriptively oriented research. This collection shows how José Lam- bert has never stopped asking new questions about the crucial but often hidden role of language and translation in the world of yesteryear and today. Life and works José Lambert was born in 1941, in the village of Wingene, in the Dutch-speaking part of Belgium. He studied Romance philology at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (K.U.Leuven), where he also obtained his PhD in comparative literature in 1972 with a thesis that was published as Ludwig Tieck dans les lettres françaises. Aspects d’une résistance au romantisme allemand (1976). After the defence of his thesis José Lambert was soon appointed as lecturer at K.U.Leuven’s Department of literary studies (section: general and comparative literature), where he went on to become a full professor in 1979. His teaching included the fields of comparative literature and translation studies; indeed, he taught what may well have been one of the first courses in Europe on literary translation within comparative literature. He became a Professor Emeritus in October 2006. José Lambert has lectured and published extensively in both the domains of comparative literature and translation studies. His early interests, as expressed by his PhD research, focused on the interliterary relations between France and Germany during the nineteenth century. The question of translation caught his special attention. Until then, translation had been a largely neglected area in comparative literature, being considered just another possible form of literary  Functional approaches to culture and translation contact, and certainly not one that could claim much interest, since it lacked the prestige, visibility and typological features of ‘original’ writing produced within the various national literatures. Therefore, its major influence on literary and cultural change was more often than not overlooked or downplayed. In the early 1980s, José Lambert started a research project on the relations between translation and literature in France during the first half of the nineteenth century. He paid special attention to the ways in which translations behave within their new ‘home’ culture. This functional approach required new methods for the study of translations, which were later also applied to emergent literatures such as Belgium in its relation with France in the nineteenth century or postcolonial literatures in their relation with their European mothers in the twentieth century. In 1989, he became one of the co-founders, with Gideon Toury, of Target. International journal of translation studies, which immediately established itself as one of the leading – many would argue, the foremost – journal in the field. In the same year, the need to prepare new generations of scholars in translation research led to the creation of a then unique training format called CERA (later CETRA: Center for Translation, Communication and Culture). The impressive list of CETRA-alumni links José Lambert and his CETRA colleagues to dissertations, publications and other research initiatives in five continents. José Lambert has accepted important offices and duties in several other scholarly organisations as well, both in Belgium and on the international scene. Among many other things, he has been the European secretary of the International Comparative Literature Association (1985–1991), he served as assistant secretary of the Fédération Internationale des Langues et Littératures modernes (FILLM) (1985–1991), and he was one of the co-founders of the European Society for Translation Studies in 1992. He has been a visiting professor at a wide range of universities (including the University of Amsterdam, the Sorbonne at Paris III and IV, the University of Alberta in Edmonton, the University of Pennsylvania and New York University) and was appointed a research fellow in Göttingen (1989–1990). José Lambert was awarded the prestigious Belgian Francqui Chair at the University of Namur in 1992–1993. José Lambert has been a very prolific author. The impressive list of his publications which we have included at the end of this volume numbers some 120 items and despite our best bibliographical efforts we dare not vouch for the completeness of the list. For the sake of easy reference our bibliography of José Lambert’s writings has been arranged chronologically, with one entry being reserved for each publication quite regardless of size, range or scholarly impact. Of course, the blandness of this presentation obscures the importance of certain data that reveal the true scholarly value and influence of José Lambert’s publication list over and beyond the quantitative dimension. As a closer look makes clear, he has published in several languages, in major journals and volumes all over the world, Introduction  he has published some ten edited or authored books, and he has contributed to the most important series, reference works and handbooks in the field. The papers in this volume In the present collection, we have taken care to include the articles that have acquired something of a ‘classic’ status in the field, but also a few lesser known papers that deserve wider circulation. Let us briefly present our selection. The first article, “Traduction et technique romanesque” (1977), was not the first one written by José Lambert on translation, but it is no doubt the paper that launched most explicitly the research programme that was to broaden during more than ten years, covering numerous aspects of the descriptive study of literary translation. It starts with a discussion of the relationships between linguistic and literary approaches to translation and makes a plea for a new analytical model for translated texts partially based on insights gained from the work of the Czech scholars Anton Popoviˇ and Jiˇí Levý. The idea of a tertium comparationis – acr discursive matrix applicable to both source and target texts, and capable of laying bare the significance of such shifts as may be observed in translated narratives – favours a view of translations as texts that possess a proper identity, express aesthetic choices of the translator and correlate with literary life in general. The second part of the article gives an account of shifts occurring in French translations of Flemish and German prose of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It takes into consideration a number of relevant narrative categories such as register, tense, reported speech, narration and character. Without using the metalanguage of descriptive research being developed at the same time by scholars such as Itamar Even-Zohar and Gideon Toury, these analyses show close affinities with their work that were waiting to be developed in a more systematic way. The second selection, “Production, tradition et importation: une clef pour la description de la littérature et de la littérature en traduction” (1980), elaborates on the idea of translated texts as constructs in their own right and integrates it into a larger view on literary communication and interaction. This perspective is profoundly indebted to polysystem theory as developed since the end of the 1970s by Even-Zohar. Three closely intertwined categories are put forward: production, tradition and import. Production covers all new messages of whatever textual kind that are being produced within a given system, roughly corresponding to what contemporaries would define as ‘literature’; tradition and importation both comprise elements that are co-present within the system and interact with it, while still belonging to different systems. Translation, then, is a cross-cutting discursive procedure establishing relations and defining configurations between the three

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